The Energy Charter Treaty, Investment and the Energy Charter Process -- The Energy Charter Treaty and European Union Law : Investment Conflicts -- Resolving Conflicts : Modernising the Energy Charter Treaty.

This paper scrutinizes the effects of investor-state dispute settlements (ISDS) and national treatment provisions in a two-period model where foreign investment is subject to domestic regulation and a holdup problem. It shows that ISDS can mitigate the holdup problem and increases aggregate...