For nearly a century the US dollar has been unchallenged as the sole and later the most important reserve and intervention currency in the world. The dollar became such an important currency after the shift from the British pound which, during the gold standard, was the world's reserve currency...

Virtual currencies are a contemporary form of private money. Thanks to their technological properties, their global transaction networks are relatively safe, transparent, and fast. This gives them good prospects for further development. However, they remain unlikely to challenge the dominant...

The relationships between exchange rates, capital controls and foreign reserves during the financial crisis suggest that reserve management plays a much more central role than has typically been emphasized in international finance models. Reserves seem to be especially important for non-EZ...