This paper examines the time spent commuting to/from work by workers in fifteen European countries, during the last … three decades, with the aim of analyzing recent trends in commuting and the factors affecting commuting behavior in those … countries. Using data from several waves of the European Working Conditions Survey, results show a significant gender gap in …

contribute to the gender wage gap, and how institutional elements - especially family policies - affect this relationship. Our … analysis is based on a decomposition that reveals what portion of the gender wage gap may be attributed to: (1) the motherhood … wage penalty, (2) the fatherhood wage premium, and (3) the gender wage gap among childless individuals. Our findings …