The revised EU Directive on payment services in the internal market (PSD2) entered into application on 13 January 2018. The PSD2 introduces a sector-specific data portability rule dubbed access to account, or XS2A. Under the PSD2, specific categories of third parties (“Fintechs”) are allowed...

The aim of this article is to explore the most recent appeals concerning illegal cartels under Article 101 TFEU by revealing the relevant principles underpinning both the substantive and the procedural review of price-fixing agreements. Arguments advancing a perceived ‘criminalisation' of the...

There are very few industries that can attract the attention of Congress, multiple federal and state agencies, consumer groups, economists, antitrust lawyers, the business community, farmers, ranchers, and academics as the agriculture workshops have. Of course, with intense interest from...

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes played as important a part in the development of United States antitrust law as he played in the development of constitutional law for which he enjoys a reputation as a giant in American law. Yet, for the more than sixty years since Holmes's retirement, there has...

Brands and brand management have become a central feature of the modern economy and a staple of business theory and business practice. Contrary to the law’s conception of trademarks, brands are used to indicate far more than source and/or quality. This volume begins the process of broadening...

The Microsoft case (U.S. vs Microsoft, 1998) is paradigmatic of some of the most important features of an antitrust case, like the definition of the relevant market, the detection of the market power and of its abuse. In the software industry, as the companies are competing on the standard of...

The Microsoft case (U.S. vs Microsoft, 1998) is paradigmatic of some of the most important features of an antitrust case, like the definition of the relevant market, the detection of the market power and of its abuse. In the software industry, as the companies are competing on the standard of...

The aim of this paper is threefold. First, it seeks to contribute to a more fine-grained comparison between US antitrust and EU competition law by (selectively) including state antitrust laws as well as laws that pursue objectives different from the antitrust laws but interfere with the aims of...

In the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, the supply of carbon permits is determined in a decentralized manner by the Member States. Alternatively, the supply could be determined by the EU central authority. We analyze whether decentralization leads to lower total abatement costs under...

Despite the positive effect electricity grids separated from generation and supply by ownership are expected to have on the level of competition in the non-network activities, several EU member states still adhere to a solely legally unbundled transmission grid. This choice might be induced by...