banks in the early 2000s propelled the financial system and the economy into crisis. While these findings should not be … governing interactions between regulators and banks. Enhanced transparency of regulatory decisions as well as strenghtened …

We model EU countries' bank ratings using financial variables and allowing for intercept and slope heterogeneity. Our … assigned lower ratings, ceteris paribus, than 'old' ones. We find that country-specific factors (in the form of heterogeneous … intercepts) are a crucial determinant of ratings. Whilst 'new' EU countries typically have lower ratings than 'old' ones, after …

We model EU countries' bank ratings using financial variables and allowing for intercept and slope heterogeneity. Our … lower ratings, ceteris paribus, than old ones. We find that country-specific factors (in the form of heterogeneous … intercepts) are a crucial determinant of ratings. Whilst new EU countries typically have lower ratings than old ones, after …

We model EU countries? bank ratings using financial variables and allowing for intercept and slope heterogeneity. We … find that country-specific factors (in the form of heterogeneous intercepts) are a crucial determinant of ratings. Whilst … ?new? EU countries typically have lower ratings than ?old? EU countries, after ontrolling for financial variables, all …

, not defined in a market, but by the collateral frameworks and interest rate policies of central banks. Using the … forces and discipline. The paper also emphasizes the important role of ratings and government guarantees in the Eurosystem …

We model EU countries' bank ratings using financial variables and allowing for intercept and slope heterogeneity. Our … assigned lower ratings, ceteris paribus, than "old" ones. We find that country-specific factors (in the form of heterogeneous … intercepts) are a crucial determinant of ratings. Whilst "new" EU countries typically have lower ratings than "old" ones, after …

We model EU countries’ bank ratings using financial variables and allowing for intercept and slope heterogeneity. Our … assigned lower ratings, ceteris paribus, than “old” ones. We find that country-specific factors (in the form of heterogeneous … intercepts) are a crucial determinant of ratings. Whilst “new” EU countries typically have lower ratings than “old” ones, after …

time rules and regulations should be used to deal with the problems that, by default, cannot be addressed by reputation …