Using data from 1,226 matches played over 18 seasons, we analyse match attendances in the group stages of the European Rugby Cup (ERC). We find that short-run (match) uncertainty had little effect on attendances. This finding is significant as the ERC has been replaced by a new competition which...

The paper presents results from two natural experiments on the impact of revenue sharing and salary caps on competitive balance in sports leagues arising from the introduction of professionalism in Rugby Union in 1995. The first involves the English Premiership, which traditionally applied a...

Rugby union only went professional in 1995, much later than other major team sports resulting in major changes in league structures. Different arrangements regarding revenue sharing and salary caps between the three main European rugby leagues provides an opportunity to test the impact of such...

The economic literature on professional sports leagues suggests supporters' utility depends on uncertainty of outcome (competitive balance) and the quality of play. Unlike soccer, where the Champions League is dominated by teams from larger countries, our analysis indicates that the ERC exhibits...

The paper analyses the impact of the relatively belated move to professionalism in Rugby Union. We use data on match attendance for 3,667 fixtures in European club Rugby over 15 seasons to estimate the effect of competitive balance on attendance. We find that (short- and medium-term) competitive...

According to well-established case-law of the European Court of Justice, in the European Union, parent companies can be fined for antitrust infringements by their subsidiaries. Furthermore, under a new EU Directive, signed into law on 26 November 2014, parent company liability is likely to be...

It is a well-established principle of EU competition law that parent companies can be fined for antitrust infringements by their subsidiaries. Under the new EU Directive on Antitrust Damages Actions, parent company liability is likely to be extended to private antitrust suits. In the United...

By relocating both multinational corporations subsidiaries and small-medium enterprises between territorial systems globalization and digitalization are driving a substantial restructuring of world economy. Despite its expected disappearance, incumbent territorial systems are witnessing a time...

There are very few industries that can attract the attention of Congress, multiple federal and state agencies, consumer groups, economists, antitrust lawyers, the business community, farmers, ranchers, and academics as the agriculture workshops have. Of course, with intense interest from...

Recent research says 20 percent of Korean manufacturers are stalled-growth small and medium enterprises (SMEs), or companies that have been business for at least 20 years but have under 50 employees, with market factors causing 65 percent of such stagnation and the businesses themselves 35...