Policymakers and scholars have in distributional conversations traditionally ignored consumer laws, defined as the set of consumer protection, antitrust, and entry barrier laws that govern consumer transactions. Consumer law is overlooked partly because tax law is cast as the most efficient way...

The study analyses the price formation and market functionality of the Finnish food chain. A significant portion of the report consists of international comparisons. The main comparison countries are the so-called old EU countries (EU15) of Western Europe, the new EU countries (EU12) and the...

It is possible to use several indicators for evaluating the characteristics of the retail structure. Each of the indicators used to identify the key features of Croatian retail structure would result in a conclusion about its fragmentation. Tradesmen's form is significant segment of the small...

In the present paper it will be pointed out econometrically that entrepreneurial calibre improves Balassa index. The contribution of this paper is that a new method to estimate entrepreneurial calibre will be introduced. Data are annual and cover most Western European countries and the USA for...

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the decomposition of Denmark Krone real exchange rates into the relative price of traded goods and the relative price ratio of non-traded and traded goods in a selective European time-series context to test the prediction that deviations from the law...

Advancements in information and communications technologies have changed the way individuals, firms, and nations create and exchange value across borders. Value comes in the form of goods, services, information, and data, but may also include talent, capital, ideas, and even culture. Southeast...

We develop an experimental methodology that values “free” digital content through the lens of a production account and is consistent with the framework of the national accounts. We build upon the work in Nakamura, et al. (2016) by combining marketing- and advertising-supported content and...

This paper analyses the dynamics of hotel prices listed on Booking.com in the period 2014-16. This period is characterised by the most important antitrust decisions regarding the use of price parity clauses by online travel agencies (OTAs) in the EU. First, we document the dynamics of hotel...

Tournament theory (Lazear and Rosen, 1981) predicts that effort supplied in contests varies with the incentive structure. Previous research finds that outcomes in individual and team sports events reflect variable effort supply by contestants. We develop evidence that a market-based measure of...

This article uses the example of one of the best-known global payment systems provided by an online platform, PayPal, to analyze the role of private legal orders in creating new markets beyond jurisdictional borders. It shows that a relatively uniform legal order reduces risks involved in...