Since the EU passed the PSD II, countries across the world have or are contemplating a new framework to govern data sharing among different players in financial markets—a trend called ‘Open Banking’ that requires or encourages banks to share consumer-permissioned banking data with third...

The EU project is at an inflection point. Intra-EU alliances are altering in light of the UK’s departure, the EU’s financial markets remain segmented, and there is limited appetite for completing the Banking Union. The second stage of the Brexit negotiations also collided with the COVID-19...

Doubts remain in EU sustainable finance policy as to the role that the MiFID II suitability obligation will play in making sure that advisors and portfolio managers adequately service their client’s sustainability preferences. This article tackles this problem by examining the link between...

Energy firms are the beneficiaries and initiators of innovation, and energy investments are a crucial area of business activity that is specially protected in any country. This is no wonder, as energy security is the basis for the functioning of states and economies. The Internet of Things and...

Optimizing the two computing resources of any computing system - time and space - has always been one of the priority objectives of any database. A current and effective solution in this respect is the computer database. Optimizing computer applications by means of data-base machines has been a...

The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has become an influential player in the field of direct taxation in the European Union in the past twenty years. However, it is unclear whether the ECJ's decisions actually increase tax neutrality and therefore contribute to the achievement of an internal...

This article will discuss Union regulatory approaches to cross-border mergers in the light of the fundamental freedom of establishment (Art.49 TFEU). The aim of this article is to explore the dynamics and the impact on the internal market of the multi-faceted interaction between the secondary...

In the wake of the global financial crisis, the European Parliament and Council Regulation 1060/2009 on Credit Rating Agencies has recently been published in the Official Journal of the European Union. With this Regulation the European Union takes a first step in addressing calls for a better...

In the wake of the ongoing global financial crisis, recently the European Commission has published a proposal for a European Parliament and Council Regulation on Credit Rating Agencies. With this proposal the European Union aims at addressing calls for more regulation of the (global) financial...