In Germany, hard coal has been subsidized for almost half a century. Despite the declining significance of hard coal production for the domestic labor market, the magnitude of subsidies increased until the middle of the last decade. In 1996, they peaked at Þ 6.7 bill.While German hard coal...

As part of its efforts to reach the targets of the Kyoto Protocol, the European Commission is currently considering a new directive to reduce the per-kilometer CO2 emissions of newly registered automobiles. This paper critically assesses this proposal with respect to its economic and...

The EU-wide Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), established in 2005, is a key pillar of Europe¿s strategy to attain compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. Under this scheme, CO2 allowances have thus far been allocated largely free of charge. This paper demonstrates that such cost-free allocation,...

Mit dem im Jahr 2005 etablierten Handel von Emissionszertifikaten für Kohlendioxid (CO2) möchte die Europäische Union der im Kiotoprotokoll festgelegten Verpflichtung nachkommen, nach der die CO2-Emissionen im Zeitraum 2008 bis 2012 durchschnittlich um 8% geringer ausfallen sollten als 1990....

The European sovereign debt crisis has revealed severe flaws in the design of the internal market. Both, private and public borrowers had incentives for excessive borrowing, which have been created by deficits in the regulatory structure of financial markets. Capital requirements for banks were...