The protection of a "system of undistorted competition" within the internal market is one of the core elements of EU law that institutionalizes economic integration. The addressees of the prohibitions regarding restraints of competition such as Articles 101 and 102 TFEU are "undertakings". Hence...

In an earlier era, treaties of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation (FCNs) were the primary international law mechanism through which the U.S. government sought to promote and protect foreign investment. Conventional wisdom holds that FCNs are of only limited historical interest, having been...

Controversies about the inclusion of the investment-state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanism have been dominating the debate surrounding the ongoing negotiations of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) agreement in many EU countries. The level of social anxiety and the...

The paper provides an analysis of WTO law's security exceptions. First, it examines if acts adopted with reference to national security are reviewable and, if they are, which elements are reviewable and what defenses, if any, are enjoyed by member states? Second, it inquires whether WTO law’s...

The paper is an inquiry into the possibile forms of relevance of WTO law before the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance of the European Communities. It is a study on the differences and similarities between the judicial implementation of international law and that of WTO law before...