In the European Union, where the institutions of the Union only may exercise the powers which are attributed to them by the Member States, the implementation of fundamental rights essentially takes place at state level. This essay analyses the limits of such a decentralized implementation of the...

This article reexamines the debate between harmonization of social laws and regulatory competition in the EU. The recent case-law of the European Court of Justice allows companies to provide services across the EU from the member State of their choice, with only limited possibilities for the...

Fundamental rights are usually thought of as rules, which prescribe certain arrangements and exclude others ; and it is the role of courts, in the traditional view, to expound their significance by applying predefined rules to the facts submitted to them. This view, characteristic of the...

Shall the adoption of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights lead the European Union to develop an active fundamental rights policy? Rather than asking the classical question of which initiatives need to be taken by the Union in order to improve the protection of fundamental rights, this paper...