This article addresses the problem of pricing European options when the underlying asset is not perfectly liquid. A liquidity discounting factor as a function of market-wide liquidity governed by a mean-reverting stochastic process and the sensitivity of the underlying price to market-wide...

In 2009, Avellaneda and Lipkin (A&L) proposed a dynamic model for hard-to-borrow stocks, in which the stock price and the buy-in rate, an additional factor introduced by them, are full coupled. In order to obtain a semi-explicit pricing formula for European call options, A&L had to make an...