between children of rich and poor parents remain as high in Nordic countries as elsewhere in Europe. One explanation for this … investments in children contribute to a levelled playing field and promote social mobility. However, gaps in learning outcomes … paradox is that the equalizing impacts of public investments are undone by parental investments in children of rich and poor …

indices to make three contributions. First, we describe the geography of intergenerational mobility in Europe. Second …

benefits, particularly for children from disadvantaged backgrounds, is its potential to mitigate educational inequality … children who attended such programmes no better off academically than those who did not. This paper studies the relationship …

be related to different roles played by indirect and direct influences of family background on children outcomes in …

intergenerational effects of World War II in terms of educational attainments. We focus on parent-children dyads in which parents were … who did not. Second, the children of parents who suffered the war have lower educational attainments than the children of …