Within the past decade, the EU has made significant steps in strengthening and harmonising the legal framework of capital markets. Despite passing and amending secondary legislation on this topic, it only partially addressed the issue of enforcement, leaving private enforcement an issue for its...

The law often lays down mandatory rules, from which the parties may deviate in favor of one party but not the other. Examples include the invalidation of high liquidated damages and the unenforceability of excessive non-compete clauses in employment contracts. In these cases, the law may...

This article examines the differing legal treatment of pre-dispute consumer arbitration agreements in the European Union and the United States. Under the E.U. Directive on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts (particularly as implemented in the United Kingdom), most such agreements are invalid. In...

International Commercial Arbitration if flourishing within the European Union. People refer to it more than ever and, besides, national legislators are enacting new Arbitration Act to the extent that almost all EU Member States have modified the regulation on Arbitration during the last decade....

This article discusses whether cartel damages claims are arbitrable under EU law. Although it is settled that most types of competition disputes are arbitrable in principle, the Opinion of the Advocate General and the ruling of the Court of Justice in Cartel Damage Claims (CDC) Hydrogen Peroxide...

This paper discusses the provisions on arbitration of the European Commission’s December 2010 draft review of Reg. (EC) 44/2001 against the backdrop of the earlier proposals on the inclusion of arbitration within the scope of the Regulation. The analysis focuses principally on the functioning...

The article discusses approaches used in determination of the international [character] of arbitration reflected in the UNCITRAL Model Law [1985] – compliant arbitration laws of the 4 Eurasian states – the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Belarus. Being one of the criteria of...

This article is focused on a recent Ruling of the Supreme Court of Lithuania which analysed the issue of arbitrability of disputes arising under public procurement contracts. Authors provide a thorough analysis of the Ruling and submit a critical approach arguing that the respective Ruling is...

Consumer protection has become a legal phenomenon to reckon with on a global scale, with repercussions for, among others, contracts concluded between consumers and business entities – i.e., B2C contracts. While the path chosen by EU law is one of special legal protection (on the basis of...