responses to each shock. Our analysis permits us to distinguish between the short- and longrun effects of the shocks. Different …

between monetary policy, employment, and unemployment. According to the obtained estimates monetary policy shocks invoked … lagged, hump‑shaped reactions of output, employment and unemployment in each of the analysed countries. …

We explore the impact of wage adjustment on employment with a focus on the role of downward nominal wage rigidities. We … significantly smaller than the rise in the probability of an upward wage response associated with an increase in demand. Estimation … results point to a negative effect of downward wage rigidities on employment at the firm level. …

The persistence of the employment shock by COVID-19 has various policy implications during the pandemic and beyond it … suggest that targeted measures to mitigate the persistent effects of the employment shock should take priority during the …. After evaluating the impact of the health crisis at the individual level, this study decomposes employment losses into …