Work effort varies greatly across employees, as evidenced by substantial differences in absence rates. Moreover, absenteeism causes sizeable output losses. Using data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), this paper investigates absence behavior of family employees, i.e. workers...

Work effort varies greatly across employees, as evidenced by substantial differences in absence rates. Moreover, absenteeism causes sizeable output losses. Using data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), this paper investigates absence behavior of family employees, i.e. workers...

In 1993 the EU created a new procedure for social policy legislation. As the UK objected to its inclusion into the 'Maastricht Treaty1 the Social Chapter was established as separate agreement. A central features is that trade unions and employer organisations, the social partners, can propose...