In this paper, we measure market access between the United States, the EU, and Japan (the Triad), using the effect of national borders on trade patterns. We investigate overall and industry-level trends of bilateral trade openness and provide explanations for those using proxies for bilateral...

The reduction in barriers to trade within the European Union has had important but disputed effects on inward direct investment. On the one hand, fears have been expressed that the Union could become a "Fortress Europe", with foreign firms effectively excluded from the internal market. On the...

This paper proposes a 2-country 3-region economic geography model that can account for the most salient stylized facts experienced by Eastern European transition economies during the period 1990-2003. In contrast to the existing literature, which has favored technological explanations, trade...