This is the 15th progress report on the harmonisation of European securities settlement published by the Eurosystem's Advisory Group on Market Infrastructures for Securities and Collateral (AMI-SeCo). With the aim of further integrating European financial markets and in line with its mandate,...

Steelmaking represents one of the most carbon-intensive industries – second only to cement – and is responsible for 8% of global CO2 emissions. The creation of a market for premium, low-carbon emission steel products, or ‘green steel’, could serve as a means of generating revenue streams...

Europe lags behind the United States in investing in weather resilience. Durable real estate capital is at greater risk. Migration facilitates adaptation. Government policies often have unintended consequences for resilience. Need for metrics to benchmark adaptation progress both within and...

For several years, access to evidence has been identified by potential claimants as one of the main difficulties in bringing damages actions for breach of competition rules in general, and class actions in this area in particular, in the European Union. As regards the former, Directive...

This study examines the implications of future enlargements for the next MFF. It reviews adjustments made to the EU budget during past enlargements and estimates the budgetary costs of the accession of all current candidate and potential candidate countries (excluding Türkiye) under three...

This study examines the implications of future enlargements for the next MFF. It reviews adjustments made to the EU budget during past enlargements and estimates the budgetary costs of the accession of all current candidate and potential candidate countries (excluding Türkiye) under three...

The spatial dimension is central to future adaptation due to the uneven expected damages in the EU. Damages will not only be local, but would spread out to unaffected regions through spatial linkages. Trade, a key dimension of these linkages, is vulnerable to climate damages and current...