The common European electricity market requires both market integration and transmission grid expansion, including trans-border interconnectors. Although the benefits of increased interconnectivity are widely acknowledged, expansion of interconnectors is often very slow. This paper gathers...

Through the launch of its energy transition – or Energiewende – Germany became a pioneer in a very ambitious policy emphasising the rapid development of renewable energy sources. However, while its role as a renewable energy (RE) policy promoter is clearly visible outside of Europe, we see...

Poland’s energy mix is dominated by indigenous coal, and since the country joined the European Union in 2004 it has been clear that it will do much to safeguard its domestic coal sector and resist pressures for ambitious harmonized decarbonization efforts. At the same time, Poland is meeting...

While the European Commission envisaged the creation of a ‘common European energy market’ by 2014, it is quite clear that the provisions of the Lisbon Treaty protecting national sovereignty over energy policies and mixes are here to stay. We have, however, seen some visible moves towards...

This book provides a guide for transport policymakers and planners on achieving low-carbon land transport systems and describes possible measures for reducing emissions. Based on wide ranging research, case studies from developed and developing countries and an overview of policy scenarios, the...