the World Trade Organization (WTO), but have also sharply reduced their tariff policy space within Africa, thus leaving …

procedure and a lack of technical personnel increase the incidences of rejection at the EU border and add to Africa’s challenges … integration into the global trading system. Thus, the barrier created by EU rejection of Africa’s exports can be addressed through …

The ususal sale of European agricultural products to Africa using export refunds has been heavily discussed in recent … decades. At the centre of the discussion are the consequences on the agricultural producers in Western and Southern Africa …