given by different sponsors (the federal government, the Länder and the European Union). Recent theory stresses the … focusing of firms specific demand could contribute to a more efficient R&D policy. …

The open science and research transparency movement aims to make the research process more visible and to strengthen … the credibility of results. Examples of open research practices include open data, pre-registration, and replication. Open …

Patents on biomedical research tools - technological inputs to experimentation - may inhibit scientific inquiry and the … argues that institutions that fund and support biomedical research are resorting to an underappreciated model of private … ordering to resolve research holdup. Increasingly, federal and state agencies, universities, non-profits, and disease advocacy …