education and language. When the EU made the borderlines between European countries less visible, the language boundary remained … competent in one common European language (English is the likely candidate), next to one's own language. Competency is essential … exchange of students in full or part time studies in the EU. This brought about far more than the understanding of subjects and …

, on arrival, do not know their host country's language. It reviews problems of economic integration into the labor market …

I investigate the effect of changing language skills on trade using an unique panel data set on spoken language. It … countries have witnessed an advancing trade integration and large changes in foreign language knowledge. I estimate a …), I find a significant causal impact of aggregate common spoken language on trade, but not for any specific language. …