This paper estimates the causal effect of parental education on children’s education in 13 European countries, using …, large and significant causal effect on children’s education. This finding is robust to the instrument chosen (birth order …

This paper estimates the causal effect of parental education on children’s education in 13 European countries, using …, large and significant causal effect on children’s education. This finding is robust to the instrument chosen (birth order …

between children of rich and poor parents remain as high in Nordic countries as elsewhere in Europe. One explanation for this … investments in children contribute to a levelled playing field and promote social mobility. However, gaps in learning outcomes … paradox is that the equalizing impacts of public investments are undone by parental investments in children of rich and poor …

share of children lacking important reading skills by socio-economic background. …

changes in the surrounding context. We find that the share of working women with children below 5 and the share of women with …

lower job insecurity of parents and higher job insecurity of children delay emancipation. We provide aggregate evidence …The age at which children leave the parental home differs considerably across countries. In this paper we argue that …