document substantial heterogeneity across these dimensions. The median household in the euro area has a positive interest rate …

, observed in the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) for these countries. We then show that the heterogeneity in … household finances implies that responses of consumption to changes in the real interest rate and in house prices differ … substantially across countries, and within countries by household characteristics such as age, housing tenure, and asset positions …

, observed in the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) for these countries. We then show that the heterogeneity in … household finances implies that responses of consumption to changes in the real interest rate and in house prices differ … substantially across countries, and within countries by household characteristics such as age, housing tenure, and asset positions …

portfolios, observed in the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) for these countries. We then show that the … heterogeneity in household finances implies that responses of consumption to changes in the real interest rate and in house prices …

. The framework updates micro-level household balance sheet data using macro-level information on unemployment, wages … ratios on household financial distress …