Smart city applications are increasingly deployed in urban spaces around the world. We contend that they only merit the attribute “smart” if they embody what we term “substantial smartness”. To develop this concept, we draw on both political and legal theories to show that citizen...

Smart city technologies can have detrimental effects on human rights, making it crucial to mitigate them in the R&D phase. This qualitative socio-legal study of the Helsinki metropolitan area (HMA) explores how public funding for smart city research and development (R&D), and the data protection...