nations. These data also allow estimates of the effects of social transfers that reduce poverty amongst all families with …-income poverty rates and greater disposable income poverty rates than do children in native-born families by a factor of about 2 to 1 … migrant families in France and Sweden are in poverty; however, after transfers, these rates are more than halved in these …

How should relative poverty be defined and measured in a European Union where there are substantial variations in … suggests that Europe-wide comparisons are more important to the perception of poverty than the convention of national relative … poverty lines would have led us to expect. Even relative poverty is more prevalent in the new low-income (eastern) countries …