conserving biodiversity for at least two reasons. First, beyond bioprospecting, patents would seem only tangentially relevant to … biodiversity loss by those who assume that economic growth and environmental protection are mutually antithetical. However, patents … can indeed benefit biodiversity. This article illustrates how patents can combat each of the major threats to biodiversity …

of tacit knowledge codification, and to illuminate the role of intellectual property in the firm. Patents, for example … ameliorating the risks associated with loss of tacit knowledge. Thus, aside from the usual justifications for patents in terms of … know-how will always remain in tacit form, unpatented and uncodified. As with all codes, the use of patents assumes an …

technological proximity for 240 international firms. In particular, we select firms’ patents from United States Patent and … the methodology developed by Jaffe (1986), where a technological vector is based on the distribution of patents of each … norm to identify the distance between different technology classes based on the frequency that patents are taken out in …

the patents that one firm cites are also cited by another firm. It is worth noticing the asymmetric nature of this index …