effects of sanctions are about fifteen times larger on Russia than on Europe. Second, the effects within Europe are enormously …We propose a data-based approximation of the effects of trade sanctions. We validate the approximation by comparing it …. As such it provides a practical shortcut to evaluating the consequences of trade sanctions without having to make …

In response to international sanctions, Russia has restructured its hydrocarbon commerce through trade deflection … under the Russia-Ukraine conflict within the context of the China-Russia Strategic Partnership and BRICS, and to assess the … restructuring of Russia's crude oil and natural gas supply chains from 2020 to 2023. Two questions were addressed: Whether trade …

international sanctions against Russia by the U.S. and its allies, beginning in 1979 when the U.S. stopped wheat exports to the ….The paper examines economic and political sanctions against Russia and attempts to determine their effect on political and …The paper defines “international sanctions” as politically and economically coercive decisions imposed by two or more …

While broad economic sanctions have long been used as instruments of foreign policy, targeted sanctions focusing on … under sanctions where the target government may be incentivized to “shield” some firms from the full brunt of sanctions …. Then, using detailed firm and individual-level data, this paper empirically estimates the impact of targeted sanctions …

and environmental concerns. An in depth-appraisal of the provisions for agriculture shows potential benefits and costs for …

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine that started in March 2014 resulted in bilateral economic sanctions imposed by … Russia and Western countries, including the members of the euro area (EA). The paper investigates the impact of sanctions on … the real side of the economy of Russia and the EA. Using an index that measures intensity of sanctions the effects of …

the economies of Russia and the euro area. The effects of sanctions are analyzed with a structural vector autoregression …The conflict between Russia and Ukraine that started in March 2014 led Western countries and Russia to impose economic … sanctions on each other, including the euro zone members. The paper investigates the impact of the sanctions on the real side of …

restrictions, import duties or regulatory barriers. For these reasons, agriculture and food-related issues have always played an … and the US. However, important political responsiveness, regulatory regimes heterogeneity in particular agri-food safety …