Initial public offerings (IPOs) often engage in mergers and acquisitions (M&As) subsequent to going public which can reflect either exit or growth strategies. We analyze 2,679 entrepreneurial firms in Europe that went public between 1996 and 2010 and find a superior long-run performance of...

For entrepreneurial firms it is essential to develop new ideas and products, build a brand name and reputation, and expand manufacturing capacity to protect competitiveness and ensure long-run success and survival. For a sample of 2,679 European Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) we analyze how...

The sovereign debt crisis challenged investors in European government bonds to deal with volatile interest rate spreads. For managing sovereign risk, “Eurex” introduced futures contracts on Italian government bonds reflecting risks of lower rated countries. We analyze hedging strategies for...

Responding to the dramatic price declines during the COVID-19 pandemic, six European countries introduced short-selling bans in March 2020. We analyze how these restrictions affected the market quality by comparing countries with and without bans. We observe for ban countries relatively lower...