In Europe, the merger between Oracle and Sun raised a series of substantial competition concerns, especially related to the acquisition by Oracle of MySQL, an open source business, and its impact on the database market. In the end, the acquisition was unconditionally cleared by the Commission....

The revised EU Directive on payment services in the internal market (PSD2) entered into application on 13 January 2018. The PSD2 introduces a sector-specific data portability rule dubbed access to account, or XS2A. Under the PSD2, specific categories of third parties (“Fintechs”) are allowed...

At a recent competition policy webinar, the question was raised whether the 2021 infringement decision by the Italian Competition Authority fining Amazon for having leveraged the dominant position it holds in the Italian market for marketplaces to favour the adoption of its own logistics...

The paper explores data portability from an EU competition policy perspective as set against an institutional and conceptual background swept by gales of transformation. The looming competition policy reform package includes an ex ante regulatory framework aiming to impose proportionate...

In an environment where populism has the potential to drive regulation and where daily Internet use means dealing with a very few, very big, businesses, the concept of decentralisation is attractive. We are now at a stage where technology-powered decentralisation has the potential to have...