I provide a structured comparison of the nineteenth-century classical gold standard and the Euro, basing my analysis …, but in both cases such discipline was erratic. But whereas the gold standard was always a contingent monetary regime …, there is nothing contingent about Euro-area membership. Finally, the gold standard operated in a simpler political setting …

. Although for many years it was considered that gold has the role of a safe haven, an increasing number of recent works … questions, one of them being whether cryptocurrencies, as an asset (money) independent of governments, can play the role of safe … haven. Therefore, the paper examines whether gold and bitcoin, the latter as the best representative of cryptocurrencies …