Examples of financial mistakes made by consumers lend support to the view that systematic mistakes of consumers exist in the EU credit market and that service providers respond strategically to these by redesigning their products. This paper seeks to determine how existing regulation can be...

This chapter aims to give an overview of the contractual issues that have arisen in relation to the use of data. Since the use of data has far-reaching consequences for consumer markets, the chapter focuses on issues that have arisen in those markets and the regulatory responses that have...

This chapter gives a bird's eye overview of EU financial services regulation.The first part gives a brief map of the areas of law – public, private, self-regulation – in which EU financial services regulation is situated. Part two discusses one of the goals of EU financial services law,...

EU consumer law generally refers to rights which facilitate the economic participation of EU citizens in the internal market. Social rights, which extend to other aspects of consumers' lives such as employment, social inclusion, and environmental protection, are perceived to fall outside the...

The proposed Digital Services Act (DSA) aims to place more responsibility on online platform operators to control information published by users on their websites. That is a welcome development in the light of scandals concerning fake news and the surreptitious influencing of voters through...

In European consumer law, the standard of consumer protection in positive harmonisation through Directives is much more consumer-friendly than in negative harmonisation through free movements law, where trade interests come first. With knock-on effects in national laws, this double-headed...

This paper addresses the options proposed in the European Commission’s Green Paper on European Contract Law from the viewpoint of law-making in European consumer law. In contrast to general contract law, this field is governed by mandatory, regulatory law rather than non-mandatory, default...

The involvement of EU law in business-to-consumer (B2C) private law relationships is bounded. Regulation originates partly at EU level and partly in national law, leading to fragmentation and legal uncertainty. To counter this problem, this chapter aims to give a new perspective on lawmaking in...