This paper looks at the question of direct participation in cyber hostilities under the international law of armed conflict, or international humanitarian law (IHL) as it is also known. The paper examines the history and development of the concept of direct participation in hostilities by...

Data sharing presents many opportunities in terms of stimulating innovation and creating a level playing field between businesses, but also carries risks by potentially decreasing incentives for data collection and analysis, facilitating collusion between firms or exploiting consumers as well as...

Data plays a prominent role in the digital economy, as being able to use data to develop or improve innovative products or services is a key competitive parameter. Consequently, an increasing call for more data sharing is being made in the EU. However, this might create tensions with the policy...

Against the backdrop of an evolving landscape describing data driven research, the study discusses the role of data protection laws in shaping a free flow of research data. In particular, it enquires whether European data protection law hampers or rather encourages data-driven research, and how....

Stipulations on de-identification and scientific research in the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) help research organizations to use personal data with fewer restrictions compared to data collection for other purposes. Under these exemptions, organizations may process specific...