duality of production theory is applied. Estimating the system of cost share equations derived from a translog cost function …

dynamics. We investigate this reallocation in terms of employment gains and losses from innovation. New employment created by … product innovation may be offset by employment losses in related products, known as 'cannibalisation' or 'business stealing …' effects in the literature, by employment losses from process and organisational innovation and by general productivity …

events. Rather, I derive from the historical evidence a theory of economic progress in general.The particular ‘sample' from … which I derive my theory is the economic history of preindustrial Europe. To test the theory ‘out of sample', I apply it to … Europe.The theory begins by broadening the definition of economic activity. Usually economic activity is identified with …