volatility of carbon emissions, it is not surprising that crude oil and coal have recently become a very important research topic … causality and volatility spillovers in spot and futures prices of carbon emissions, crude oil, and coal. A likelihood ratio test … is developed to test the multivariate conditional volatility Diagonal BEKK model, which has valid regularity conditions …

haven. Therefore, the paper examines whether gold and bitcoin, the latter as the best representative of cryptocurrencies …. Although for many years it was considered that gold has the role of a safe haven, an increasing number of recent works …, can play the role of safe haven in relation to European indices. In the paper, this hypothesis was confirmed for gold and …