Public-private partnerships offer a promising alternative paradigm for pharmaceutical innovation in complex disease … essential to accelerate pharmaceutical innovation. Patents threaten the potential of partnership strategies, however, by making … innovation is fundamentally flawed for two reasons. First, it ignores the competitive market pressures that both shape what is …

. Illustrative is the barrier against access to essential medicines caused by pharmaceutical patent protection under the WTO regime …

‘performed' R&D and ‘extra-mural' R&D, and focuses on R&D productivity and patent quality as key indicators of innovation. The … performance in patent quality and sales; (b) government expenditure on R&D and extra-mural R&D drive international patent … collaboration, and (c) the latter is a crucial determinant of patent quality …