by their subsidiaries. Under the new EU Directive on Antitrust Damages Actions, parent company liability is likely to be … instruments, in particular the individual liability of executives and employees. On this basis, I conclude that it is primarily … the existence of these functional substitutes that explains why a need for parent company liability has not arisen in US …

-specific regulation and competition law. In this paper, we explore how these two approaches have been used to facilitate the arrival of …

Traditional deterrence theory relies on a combination of probability and severity of punishment to impose a perception … of sufficiently high costs to deter wrongdoing. Yet when a very high severity of punishment counters a low probability …

to the EU’s competition policy, can be affected if liability in parallel enforcement proceedings is either excessive or …

the competition law. Regarding this proposed law, it is highly important for the antitrust regulation system questioning …

The EU-level doctrine of parental antitrust liability presents a number of challenges in terms of securing the … perspective, ultimately arguing that as currently formulated the EU-level doctrine of parental antitrust liability indeed suffers …