In March 2006 the European Commission found that Tomra, a Norwegian producer of Reverse Vending Machines, had abused its dominance through the use of contracts that included exclusivity provisions, quantity commitments and retroactive rebates. The General Court of the European Union (the...

The antitrust treatment of loyalty discounts remains a highly topical debate in European competition policy. The European Commission has started to move towards a more economic approach to the evaluation of loyalty discounts (or rebates) with the publication of its Guidance Paper on exclusionary...

This article surveys, from an economic perspective, the recent application of merger control in the European energy sector. It considers ten significant transactions in the energy sector: the eight largest energy transactions assessed by the European Commission since 2004, as well as two major...

One of the greatest challenges faced by the European electricity sector at present, and the foreseeable future, is the need to meet stringent environmental objectives designed to mitigate the risk of costly climate change. This article surveys the main elements of the economics of climate...