via an increase in their productivity. The growing competitive pressure in the upstream sector, induced by global retail … chains, drives least productive firms out of the market and the average productivity of the sector increases. In addition …, retail sector FDI generates productivity gains at the firm level: local suppliers of multinational retailers benefit from the …

first comprehensive evidence on the relationship between productivity and size of the export market for Germany, a leading … actor on the world market for manufactured goods. It documents that firms that export to countries inside the euro-zone are …

agreements under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) have contributed significantly to the reduction of tariffs among WTO members …

general equilibrium model of Austria and its major trading partners and world regions to find that future Austrian climate …

, revealing that deepening existing agreements (the intensive margin of regional integration) could boost world trade by 5 percent … and world GDP by 1 percent. The expected gains from deepening agreements within or across regions vary depending on the …

yields economically plausible and statistically significant estimates of the declining effect of “national borders” on world …

Two recent issues in the world economy have been the emergence of regional trade blocs and the increasing extent of …