energy and less labour. Patent applications in energy- and labour-saving technology fields are used to model the direction of … proxies for the level of technology. Upon finding that they were indeed energy and labour saving over our sample period, we …

member states from 1998 to 2007. We find that (a) the marginal impact of ICT capital is higher when it is complemented with …

industries with varying degrees of ICT intensity. Intangible capital appears to be significantly more productive in ICT …-intensive sectors than in those that use little ICT. This finding remains robust across various alternative industry ICT intensity … measures and aligns with the prior firm-level studies that place emphasis on the complementary role of intangible assets in ICT …