The national customs services of the twenty-seven EU Member States are playing a crucial role for the preparation of the admission of further states to the European Union (EU) by helping to build structures and teach the EU Customs Law in order to enable candidate states to apply the acquis...

The global economic and financial crisis has raised further concerns about the euro-entry criteria, in addition to other factors, such as the effective tightening of the criteria due to the enlargement of the EU from 12 to 27 members, the highly unfavourable property of business cycle...

In 1976 Vaubel suggested using the variation of real exchange rates when evaluating the desirability of a monetary union within a group of currencies (Vaubel 1976). Currency unification is less desirable, the more often real exchange rate adjustments are needed. Ten years later, Mussa...

This paper analyzes the evolution of Competition law and policy in the recent new Member States of the European Union. Institutions and rules were established in these countries throughout the nineties and there is already some experience about their enforcement, with relevant implications for...

It is argued that a rule-based, transparent and predictable multilateral trading regime under the WTO is beneficial for developing and other transitional economies. As world economy is progressing, joining the WTO becomes a good bet for them who are still outside the system. Many developing and...

As a hybrid provision, the much-discussed withdrawal provision in Article 50 of the TEU is part of European Union law yet also anchored in public international law. Due to this anchoring of EU law, the UK's withdrawal raises important questions of public international law that are the focus of...

The EU is losing its glamour and it is in danger of losing its appeal as the promise of perpetual prosperity is fading away. It is not anymore the EU that would attract people to defend it on barricades. The first decade of the 21st century may be a ‘lost decade' for reforms in the EU, while...

The Whitehall Briefing (leaked in January but only officially released this month) is not the last word on the potential long-term economic impact of Brexit, despite claims from others that it ‘proves’ GDP will be lower in ‘all’ scenarios. As the report itself says, it is only ‘draft...

This briefing explains that the UK and the EU would still be able to make arrangements which are already extended to non-EU members, such as an ‘air services agreement’ to keep planes flying. This would require flexibility on both sides, but the mutual interests in protecting aviation would...

Although the EU has been influential in the development of equalities legislation, Brexit would be unlikely to put these rights in jeopardy. Historically, the UK has led the way when it comes to women’s rights and workplace and family protections, and this will surely continue. The worry that...