The opportunity cost approach suggesting a countervailing cyclical effect between R&D and short-term investments is the subject of theoretical and empirical debate. The lack of firm-level panel data on R&D and ambiguous indicators for demand fluctuations has hindered empirical testing of...

We investigate the association between banks' credit expansion and loan loss reserves on a panel of banks from 11 new EU member countries from Central and Eastern Europe during 2004-2010. Unused committed credit lines capture the decline in banks' risk aversion being associated with a supply...