The energy business is in transition from a cost structure based on fuel and capital to a business that also accounts for the carbon footprint of energy production, transmission and end use. In the European Union (EU), this is already the case, with a liquid and functioning carbon emissions...

Investment arbitration against Central and Central‐Eastern EU Member States is on the rise. A significant number of these claims are brought by EU investors despite the fact that the European Commission has opined that international arbitral tribunals established under these intra‐EU BITs...

We study euro area investors' portfolio adjustment since the Brexit referendum in terms of securities issued in the UK or denominated in pound sterling, in the context of heightened policy uncertainty surrounding the exit process of the UK from the EU. Our sector-level analysis "looks-through"...