The aim of this report is to ascertain priority concerns for further climate proofing action through opposing current EU efforts to different threats, and suggest complementary options (cf. chapter 3) for the following four sectors: (1) Energy, (2) Transport infrastructure, (3) Urban areas, and...

Climate disaster events are expected to displace at least 1.2 billion people by 2050. However, “climate refugees,” or individuals displaced in the context of disasters and climate change, lack international legal recognition and protection. In 2020, an international tribunal acknowledged in...

The Paper's goal is to assess the most important changes in the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for years 2014-2020 in the context of its potential influence on environmental pressure of agriculture. The final solutions of that policy reform were discussed in relation to main...

The Communication on Environmental Indicators and Green National Accounting (Com (94) 670 final, 21.12.94) laid the basis for indicator and accounting projects aimed to give comprehensive support to environmental policy, like GARP and GreenStamp. The article is intended to demonstrate: that...

This paper reports the results of a four country project (GARPII) on aspects of green accounting, namely the estimation of damages to air and water. The countries covered are Germany, Italy, Netherlands and the United Kingdom. It follows an earlier project covering the same countries, which was...

This paper examines the theoretical foundations of Green National Accounting, noting that their assumptions have led to green national income measuring welfare-based income, which is not necessarily equal to sustainable income. We review two major approaches to estimating green accounting: the...

This paper describes work on environmental accounts at Eurostat. Areas of work include asset accounts for forests, subsoil resources, land and water; NAMEA emission accounts; economy-wide material flow accounts; accounts for environmental expenditure and taxes, environment industry and...

Most economic models struggle to incorporate biophysical relationships between materials, energy and emissions, in order to appropriately deal with biophysical constraints of supply (and possibly also demand). After the incorporation of biophysical constraints, some functions produced surprising...

Chapter 1 of this report reviews a number of approaches to conceptualize and operationalize biophysical constraints for economic performance. The starting point is a scoping study by Cambridge Econometrics and Sustainable Europe Research Institute (SERI) that reviews a large number of...