The present paper explores the multi-layered relationship between plant patents, the right to food and competition law. The present contribution takes the view that the growing tendency to appropriate agricultural crops through intellectual property (IP) – thereby making a pivotal shift from...

This paper examines the idea that the USA has outshined Europe in the race for new medicines as a result of a flight of business R&D expenditure to the USA. It adopts a methodology that accounts for R&D price inflation, considers the role of both ‘performed' R&D and ‘extra-mural' R&D, and...

In this ex-post analysis, we have used three large pharmaceutical merger cases to examine the correctness of the market definition carried out by the FTC and the European Commission with regard to innovation competition. In doing so, we selected three merger cases that were reviewed by both...

This paper explores the European Union (EU) regulatory regime for Traditional Chinese Médicine and its legal, cultural, economic , and international trade implications. The controversial Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products (THMPD) amended the European Community Code for medicinal...

This paper uses panel data to test the extent to which trade credit has acted as a substitute for bank finance in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs), in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008. It demonstrates that the reduction in the supply of funds to SMEs was compounded by the...

In this paper, we compare two different representations of Framework Programs as affiliation network: 'One-mode networks' and 'Two-mode networks'. The aim of this article is to show that the choice of the representation has an impact on the analysis of the networks and on the results of the...

An overarching concern in regional science is the characterization of interactions-such as commuter flows, transport, migration, or knowledge flows-within and between subnational spatial units. In this work, we use techniques from social network analysis to address the quality, rather than the...

The article serves as an introduction to the empirical analysis of innovation or knowledge networks based on patent data with a particular focus on regional networks. I provide a review of the literature of innovation networks and how it connects to systemic approaches within the field of...

For more than half a century, courts have viewed certain uses of intellectual property (IP) as misuse, rendering the IP unenforceable until the misuse is purged. The doctrine began with patents, but courts have recently extended it to copyrights. In most cases, it reflects concern over...

The present paper will look into the relationship between emerging markets and Europe in a twofold way. First, the paper will discuss the question from a European perspective, and investigate what impact emerging market patents may have on Europe. Second, the paper will briefly address the issue...