We identify that consignments rejected by the European Union, due to the presence of unauthorized Genetically Modified food, have been diverted to third countries, creating trade deflections. We rely on a gravity model to examine the effects on food products. Our results show that the rejection...

The economic and social importance of administrative borders can be examined from the point of view of internal homogeneity and external heterogeneity of the delimited spatial units and from the point of view of the effect on the intensity of spatial interactions. This paper deals with the first...