Last June’s European Parliament (“EP”) election was widely considered a failure. Turnout was low across Europe, and, as has been the case in every EP election since they were introduced in 1979, voters responded exclusively to domestic cues in deciding how to fill the European Union’s...

Modern risks are increasingly complex. Experts provide sober insights into the consequences of our regulatory choices. But these same risks also breed greater uncertainties and, thus, harder political decisions. Ever more urgent, then, becomes the need to ensure those decisions are transparent...

The European Commission’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) encompasses perhaps the most monumental pan-European regulation in the last decade and may well become a de facto world standard. The regulation is described as a means to regulate the processing of personal data, the...

In the wake of the global financial crisis, the economically weaker countries of the European Union that adopted the euro as a common currency soon started to feel the pressure of markets. In a monetary union, with one single central bank in charge of the monetary policy but without a common...

The entitled theme of the project [focused on Generosity–Creativity–Solidarity Triad and Energy Security] stands in a way apart from the actual tragic context of war in Ukraine, and on war as a broader tragic stance of our humankind. Not to point more on the long-term dramatic COVID19...

The aim of the chapter is to answer the question about the scope and consequences of the process of Europeanization of the EU energy policy. The phenomenon is caused not only by the pressure from Brussels, but, most of all, by challenges and threats from outside the European system. The point of...

This chapter addresses the issue of institutional reforms for the euro area itself, elaborating on the notion and a project for a closer and more democratic union to heal economic asymmetries. This is critical for the southern euro area member-states and especially for the weakest economy among...

Despite the political and economic importance of the fifth European Union enlargement, so far not much attention has been devoted to the negotiation process that led to this event. The goal of this paper is to present the results of our survey conducted among politicians and diplomats...

This Occasional Paper examines how and why the institutional framework governing EMU has evolved since the creation of the euro. Building on theories of institutionalism, the paper in particular investigates to what extent functional spillovers from the single currency into other policy domains,...

This paper presents a model which focuses on differences between the competition policy of the EU and antitrust of the U.S. It introduces three versions - Neutral, American, and European. Two-stage game model takes the authority’s perspective and describes options and behavior of antitrust...