. The gains from citizenship are particularly apparent among immigrants from poorer countries. A key policy question is …

earnings and more stable jobs. Gains are particularly large for immigrants from poorer countries. Moreover, citizenship …

Several European countries have reformed their citizenship policies over the past decades. There is much to learn from … their experience of how citizenship works; for whom it works; and what rules and policies matter for integration. The … citizenship increases take-up and improves the economic, educational, political and social integration of immigrants. Other …