of market such as price transparency, high speed trading which increases the likelihood of collusion. The ability of … pricing algorithm to solve the cartel incentive problem by quickly detecting and punishing the deviant further strengthen the … humans. This raises the fundamental challenge for anti-cartel enforcement as the current law in most jurisdictions is ill …

likely to remain insufficient to deter collusion, unless European cartel enforcement produces a high (perceived) probability … representative modern international cartel. The exercise reveals that the Commission's recent commitments to punish cartels are … of discovery across the board. This calls for broad, unbiased, random and active cartel detection …

After arguing that collusion by software programs which choose pricing rules without any human intervention is not in … violation of section 1 of the Sherman Act, the paper offers a path towards making collusion by autonomous agents unlawful …

theory to show how an interbank lending rates cartel can be sustained by preemptive portfolio changes. Exchange of … direction in which to rig the rate, however, their interests need to be sufficiently aligned. In this paper we develop cartel … in eligible transactions rigging to justify their submissions. As the cartel is not able to always find stable …