China produces more than 90% of global rare earth minerals, all with crucial applications in the European economy. Recent export cuts by China in these minerals have raised a number of trade-related, economic and strategic concerns. Analysing the problem, this paper asks what the EU’s response...

Although China has become a major trading partner of the EU, the EU-China relationship has deteriorated over the last decade. This has been demonstrated, for example, by disputes over trade issues, unequal treatment of EU investors by Beijing, frictions over the transfer of intellectual...